HS11 2017 Environmental Soil Science: Dancing Butterfly Pea

Heavy Metals Analysis

Heavy metal	63µm		125µm		Pan µm
Heavy metal	Dil. 50	Dil. 100	Dil. 50	Dil. 100	Dil.50	Dil. 100
Pb	0.013589715	0.009460935	0.018158271	0.005624874	0.018329656	0.005170997
As	-0.011557164	-0.019798767	-0.017602268	-0.003288624	-0.008462098	-0.012676151
Cd	-0.00106519	-0.001231817	-0.00073265	-0.001072578	-0.000552005	-0.001276151
Ni	0.001436461	-0.002610217	0.002197884	-0.001700953	0.001433092	-0.000388411
Cu	-0.000140555	-0.004093354	0.000291209	-0.004414086	-0.000208795	-0.003100961
Mn	0.142604129	0.071325627	0.135449479	0.072405915	0.142113459	0.072424256
Fe	11.38080944	5.785409995	10.39479862	5.634805768	11.5294954	6.080262296
Zn	0.455495909	0.234975282	0.493183005	0.262166453	0.396214349	0.236877787
Mg	0.656627123	0.335334354	0.620620764	0.334666929	0.728029852	0.236877787
Ca	1.449794911	0.861098656	0.839111919	0.750216822	0.979856847	0.496055547

The table and graphs above show the different heavy metals correspond to the different soil particle size. Parts per millions (ppm) is a way of expressing very dilute concentrations of substances. Just as per cent means out of a hundred, so parts per million means out of a million. Usually it is used to describe the concentration of something in water or in soil. One ppm is equivalent to 1 milligram of something per liter of water (mg/L) or 1 milligram of something per kilogram soil (mg/kg). There are 10 heavy metals that we found in the soil, which are Pb, As, Cd, Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Mg and Ca. Some of them are essential heavy metal and some of them are non-essential metal. The graph above shows that Iron (Fe) is the most concentration in the soil. There are 10 heavy metals that we found in the soil, which are Pb, As, Cd, Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Mg and Ca. Some of them are essential heavy metal and some of them are non-essential metal. The graph above shows that Iron (Fe) is the most concentration in the soil. This is due to our country hinger in concentration of iron elements. Another observation that we can see from these graphs is for every different particles sizes of soils, there will be different concentration of the heavy metals’ values. As a guideline, FAO/WHO had defined the permissible limits (ppm) of the various heavy metals in soils. Give some examples of some heavy metals, their statutory permissible limits are: manganese (44.6-339), iron (261-1239), nickel (1.63), copper (20-150), zinc (27.4), cadmium (0.3) and lead (10). From the comparison of our results with these defined permissible limits, it can conclude that the levels of heavy metals that present in the soil fall in the permissible range. Some of our results have showed that the ppm is negative value. This may with the reason of the concentration of these elements is too diluted or it is simply indicating that our samples are having the content below the detection limit of the instrument.

Heavy metals include the transition-metal elements essential to plant nutrition, iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) which is required for nitrogen fixation in legumes. The non-essential elements, cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As). All these elements are toxic to crop plants at high tissue concentrations. In agriculture, deficiencies of essential heavy metal elements are more common than their toxicities. Nevertheless, (Mn) toxicity can reduce crop yields on acidic soils, and (Mn) and Fe toxicities occur on waterlogged or flooded soils. Toxicities can also arise in soils enriched in specific heavy metals by the weathering of the underlying rocks or anthropogenic activities. The molecular biology of heavy metal uptake and transport within plants is well understood, and he regulatory cascades enabling heavy metal homeostasis in plant cells and tissues are being elucidated. Cellular responses to excess heavy metals are also known. Many of the responses proceed through the generation of reactive oxygen species and involve the synthesis of antioxidant compounds and enzymes. Tolerance of high concentrations of heavy metals in the environment is brought about restricting the entry of heavy metals to the root and their movement to the xylem and by chelating heavy metals entering the cytoplasm and sequestering them in non-vital compartments such as the apoplast and vacuole. The mechanisms by which certain plant species are able to hyper accumulate heavy metals are also providing insight into the ability of plants to exclude and tolerance heavy metals in their tissue.

Germination rate

Table 1: Germination rate of plant in every week

Week	Germination Rate(%)
Week	Not exposed to Music	Indian Instrument	Chinese Instrument	Gamelan Instrument	Rock Metal
1	35%	55%	45%	35%	45%
2	40%	65%	55%	45%	45%
3	40%	70%	65%	50%	50%
4	40%	70%	65%	50%	50%

Figure 1: Germination rate of plant in every week

For this project, we used 5 pots. We have planted 20 seedlings per pot of dancing butterfly pea. Every week the germination rate of each pots were increasing. But starting from week 2 the germination rate remained constant for pot that not exposed to any music. While the other pot plants which is listen to Indian classical, Chinese classical, gamelan and rock metal started to remain constant starting from week 3. Based on the table we can conclude that the pot that listen to Indian Classical music have the highest germination rate 70% then followed by Chinese classical music 65%.Then followed by rock metal and gamelan that having the same germination rate at week 4 which is 50%. However there is a mortality rate in rock metal pot where one plant had died due to mobile phone dropped on it. So that, the germination rate of the pots that exposed to music is higher than pot that not exposed to music. This proves that music can affect the rate of germination of the plan

Growth rate

Table 2: Growth of the Dancing Butterfly Pea Plant

Week Music	One	Two	Three	Four
Not exposed to music	9cm	9.22cm	14.7cm	16.7cm
Gamelan	6.5cm	11.5cm	14.5cm	15.5cm
Rock Metal	10.5cm	14.5cm	15.4cm	17.9cm
Chinese Classic	8cm	12cm	14.8cm	19.6cm
Indian Classic	9.8cm	13.5cm	15cm	19.8cm

Table: The growth of the Dancing Butterfly plant from week one to week four according to its respective music.

In week one, the highest rapid growth for the dancing butterfly plant is Rock Metal and the least growth is the Gamelan music. This may occur as not much of the Gamelan music was exposed to enough sunlight compared to other four pots. Week two, the Rock Metal pot continues to show highest growth but after moving the Gamelan pot to get enough sunlight, the Gamelan pot was not anymore the least growth rate. The least growth rate for week two is from the pot plant that is not exposed to music. In week three, the least growth rate of the Dancing Butterfly Pea is the Gamelan music again and the highest growth is rock metal with 15.4cm. Lastly, week four, the plant with the highest growth plant is the Indian classic pot with growth of 19.8cm. The least growth rapid plant continues to Gamelan pot plant for week four that is with 15.5cm.

There are researches saying that the sound of music affects the growth rate of a plant. Plants are complex multicellular organisms considered as sensitive as humans for initial assaying of effects and testing new therapies. (Vidya Chivukula, 2014). In this journal, it said that there are reports saying that music containing hard-core vibrations cause devastations to the plants. But through this mini project, the report claimed to be untrue. Theoretically, music such as rock metal will cause stress and stunt the growth of the plant. This theory had to be plausible as the rock metal music shows highest growth from week one to week three. The theory tend to debunk because the vibrations or frequency of the music that affects the growth of the plant and not the music genre itself that affects the growth of the plants. At week four however, classical musical such as Indian Classical and Chinese Classical surpasses the growth rate of rock metal music. It is proven here that classical or devotional music tends to enhance the growth of the plant. As for the least growth, Gamelan music has the lowest average growth rate among the other pots. As it was claimed by report saying that music stimulates the growth, for this case it does not. Referring to the frequency, wavelength or vibrations of the music that may affects the growth, this may be the answer. Gamelan music has lacked of bass, frequency and vibrations compared to other music. Though pot plant with no music have slightly higher growth rate, the genre of music with existence of frequency and vibrations do have effects on the plants growth. Thus, music do stimulate mostly of the growth of plant providing it have the perfect genre of music with proper frequency, wavelength and vibrations to encourage the growth of the plants.

Average data

Table 3 : Average data of shoot, roots and wet and dried weight of plant

Plant in each pot	Height of shoot	Length of root	Total height of plant	Weight of wet plant	Weight of dried plant
Not exposed to music	16.54	9.9	31.3	4.37	0.94
Indian classical	17.76	10.32	32.24	5.89	1.12
Chinese classical	14.96	7.9	27.06	5.32	0.65
Gamelan	13.58	9.7	27.42	4.44	0.95
Rock metal	16.32	10.14	31.42	5.10	0.65

From the table above we can conclude that the plant that listen to Indian classical music have the highest shoot and longer roots than the other pot of plant. While it has higher moister content than other plant. So that the plant that listen to Indian classical music have higher tendency to absorb nutrients and also water and have higher capacity in water holding capacity. The roots collect water and nutrients for the plant and secure it to the soil. Plant roots absorb water through root hairs, which are tiny roots that extend from the root's epidermis, or the outer layer of the root. Just one cell thick, they absorb water and nutrients from the soil. So that the pot of Indian classical music has the highest height among the others and higher moisture content.

Here we upload the songs we played for the plants